

José Ramos-Horta, East Timorese freedom struggle leader, Nobel Laureate and current President of Timor Leste, visits Ireland this week on a state visit.
Doing my homework before his visit, I read the wonderful
'East Timor: A Nation's Bitter Dawn' by Dutch journalist Irena Cristalis who has been covering the little nation's anguished journey to freedom from the mid-ninenties.
No sooner had the colonial power Portugal pulled out in 1974 than the Indonesians, backed and armed by the Australians, British and Americans, had occupied the tiny country of fewer than one million, heralding a 25-year slaughter of the native peoples dressed up as a war on terrorism.
Amazingly, with uniforms and arms stolen from their tormentors, bands of revolutionaries survived the worst excesses of the Indonesian occupiers and emerged victorious in 1999 when the Indonesians — like the Portugese emerging from years of dictatorship — decided to give up the ghost and allow East Timor its independence.
Only a few hundred miles from Australia, East Timor was, as Cristalis chronicles in her epic account, abandoned by the west. But worse was to come, as the Indonesians pulled out, they set their bloodthirsty puppet militias on the pro-independence community to punish them for voting for independence in the 1999 poll, carrying out a series of Rwanda-style massacres in schools and churches and burying bodies in mass graves, some discovered years after the onslaught.
Sadly, the UN was in place but took no action to protect the civilians of East Timor as the retreating Indonesians and their militias carried out a scorched-earth policy.
Cristalis' book is unusually written; rather than a straight chronological account, each chapter picks up on her return to East Timor on a journalistic mission — often placing herself in great danger (in 1975 five foreign journalists were murdered by Indonesian troops and their bodies dressed in guerrilla fatigues as part of a cover-up; many other journalists died in the following years.) But this journalistic device adds to the readability and authenticity of the account.
Unfailingly direct, Cristalis doesn't spare the revolutionaries. The Falintil fighters were guilty of their own share of human rights abuses, feuds and internal 'punishments' of anyone who didn't toe the line. She also shows that the path to freedom is anything but straight. Many of the leaders of the struggle returned from abroad (include Ramos-Horta who had been East Timorese representative at the UN since the 1970s), while the most charismatic of the leaders, Xanana (his name comes from the seventies song, "Sha-na-na.na-na-na-na, Sweet Maria, wait for me." Honest.) spent most of the years of warfare as a prisoner in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta.
As the Indonesians tightened the net on the remaining rebels during the nineties, the fighters retreated further and further into the hills, living a basic existence. One of the staggering statistics from the book is that when the ceasefire came and Falintil withdrew its fighters to four 'cantons', it reported that it had a mere 670 men under arms.
In more recent times, the Falintil fighters-turned politicians, have not fared well. Some old warriors took the law into their own hands in the nineties, leading virtual coup attempts against the government. Indeed, in 2008 Ramos-Horta was shot and seriously injured by one rebel leader turned renegade while Xanana escaped injury in the same putsch (
24 of the attackers were sentenced this week). Xanana, similarly, now Prime Minister, has been distancing himself from some of his former comrades. Together, both men have been urging their compatriots to move on from the bitter past, though that means the victims of human rights abuses feel denied justice.
This is a wonderful, moving testament to wonderful people who suffered grievously as the world looked away. And it is brought almost up to the present day where, having seen its capital Dili and villages burnt in a succession of outrages, the people of Timor-Leste are battling some of the worst levels of poverty and underdevelopment in the world. The good news for
Timor-Leste: Prime Minister Xanana and President Ramos-Horta enjoy broad support and are focused on rebuilding their nation (national language Tetum has enjoyed a revival in official use and recognition as the country redefines itself post-occupation). The good news, it is sitting on extensive oil and gas supplies which are providing a funding lifeline into the future.
Unputdownable, A Nation's Bitter Dawn, is a journalistic tour-de-force, moving and illuminating in equal measure. Read it.
Prime Minister Xanana Gusmao (speaking into microphone) and President José Ramos-Horta are pictured above.